Reason vs Passion Essay

The view that reason is the unrivaled rule and it causes an activity is a false notion. Having said this, Reason alone can never cause activity. What truly causes an activity is a Passion to act as indicated by what you want to do. Reason anyway can be a passion’s or desire’s manual for find the association of the circumstances and end results. Thinking as is the thing that happens in our psyche and works regarding experience or as a duplicate of a late occasion isn’t truly what can cause an activity. In any case, since enthusiasm or want happens in a genuine world most likely is the one that causes activity. Reason controls the drive to act. The way that reason makes decisions utilizing exhibition which never impact us to act yet in any case manage our activity or the circumstances and end results it isn't exposed to cause activity. In the event that for instance in my thinking I need to go across the street. In thinking that I need to going across the street, reason doesn’t reveal to me that there are speeding vehicles in the street and in this way I should hang tight for them. Yet, for the way that it is my craving not to get hit by a vehicle I should hold up until the vehicles have halted then I can traverse. Presently for the way that it is my obsession or want not to be hit by a vehicle it states it clear that energy have caused the entire activity of going across the street. My activities have been tested in reality as per my longing of going across the street not just explanation about traverse. Energy is the reason for activity. This is on the grounds that whatever I want results with the impacts that I have anticipated. On the off chance that I’m enthusiastic to finish PHIL203 assessment, at that point concentrating hard is the activity that brought about by the craving to pass. For I have contemplated in my psyche that in the event that I don’t concentrate hard, at that point I will come up short, it is hence my longing not to come up short and I should concentrate hard. The explanation has been considered to direct or manage my activity however the real activity has been brought about by my longing or energy of not having any desire to fizzle or of needing to pass. So reason alone can never contradict energy or a longing or it can never forestall the decision of choice (volition) came about because of the will or even to address nor challenge any of my wants or enthusiasm. The explanation along these lines will consistently be believed to be the right hand or a captive of enthusiasm since it is should control or direct our activities and find the circumstances and end results while energy is causing the genuine activity. Be that as it may, you got the opportunity to have motivation to act then an enthusiasm can come in to bring the explanation into genuine activity. We simply need to line up with the motivation behind why we need to act, have enthusiasm to want or act at the focal point of the thinking thought, obey and serve our explanation. In any case, of course, we shouldn’t be trapped that reason alone causes activity since reason is only a thought in our brains and energy or want is a genuine move that is making place. On the off chance that for instance I have fizzled PHIL101 assessment due to not concentrating hard then I have an encounter of how perilous it could be not to consider. The explanation doesn’t constrain me to concentrate because of the experience I have or a duplicate of the last occasion or experience that came about in not concentrating hard. This is so in light of the fact that reason is only a duplicate of an encounter and it doesn’t impact me to act. In any case, since reason have found the causes and impact and those circumstances and end results are affecting me I at that point want not to be influenced by those causes and impact and become enthusiastic or make it my longing to breeze through the test at that point contemplating is a demonstration of going for on the off chance that I want to pass in this manner I should examine which states it clear that energy is the reason for an activity and an explanation as the chief. Enthusiasm is a unique presence which implies it did not depend on experienced. Enthusiasm isn't a thought at the top of the priority list of what has occurred previously yet it is a genuine occasion or activity that happens in a genuine world anytime. In the event that for instance I’m upbeat that I have breezed through PHIL203 assessment, that feeling isn't a duplicate or reference of some other article e. g. purchasing an Apple PC. There is hence no chance to get in which an enthusiasm can be restricted or be opposing to reality or reason except if there are thoughts that are not in favor or that are conflicting to the genuine or genuine article they present. This could occur in the event that I for instance dread the impacts of articles that haven’t or doesn’t exist for example dread to fall flat PHIL203 yet not enrolled for PHIL203 which implies I dread of composing the test of which I accept that I will compose however that I won't compose at all perhaps again in light of the fact that I didn’t get a DP. For this situation the conviction is preposterous not that the enthusiasm is. This is supposing that I have a conviction of an impact to be brought about by an activity of which that impact will no longer happen in light of the fact that there was never a reason for that impact in any case then conviction gets preposterous since there was never a reason for any activity that would prompt a firmly accepted impact. The conviction of composing an assessment is nonsensical if I’m not enlisted for the module. On the off chance that we reason erroneously about circumstances and end results, at that point it can prompt our enthusiasm being absurd once more. On the off chance that there is no deception or off base thinking about circumstances and end results then its absolutely impossible an enthusiasm can be outlandish. In the event that, at that point I’m enrolled for PHIL203, got a DP, concentrating hard, have an encounter of what occurs on the off chance that I don’t concentrate hard, at that point it is highly unlikely in which enthusiasm can be outlandish in this manner it is unthinkable for energy and motivation to contradict each other for the control of will and activity. In the event that Stefan denies me a DP, at that point my longing or a conviction of composing a test stops then I shouldn’t trouble contemplating. This implies on the off chance that the conviction is bogus, at that point I should quit thinking about a move I wanted to make. There are those wants that don’t produce any emphatically felt feeling. These sorts of wants concerned the most with what truly occurring or going on into our brains. It has been contended that these wants are equivalent to reason however that is stopped false. For the way that it happens in our brains doesn’t imply that it doesn’t cause an activity. In the event that it was reason alone it wasn’t going to cause any activity yet for the way that it is a craving yet a quiet one, it is exposed to cause activity. I don’t truly care if my companions come up short PHIL203 assessment however it isn't my longing to see my companions falling flat. Presently for that quiet want I have as a main priority will cause an activity whereby I structure an investigation bunch with my companions. Yet, on the other hand in something contrary to quiet wants there are those wants which produce a firmly felt feeling. These wants are savage in nature. On the off chance that I have fizzled PHIL203 assessment knowing precisely that I have concentrated hard and the paper was simple for me will cause an activity of being furious with whoever denoted my paper and I may even need to see my assessment content. Whatever a circumstance may be an explanation will never impact a reason for activity yet the Passion and the wants we have are the one that cause activity. Reason will be a guide or a captive of energy.

Poverty and Inequality in the United States

Destitution and Inequality in the United States Americans are glad for their financial framework, trusting it gives chances to all residents to have great lives. Their confidence is obfuscated, in any case, by the way that neediness perseveres in numerous pieces of the nation. Government against destitution endeavors have gained some ground however have not annihilated the issue. Correspondingly, times of solid monetary development, which bring more employments and higher wages, have decreased neediness yet have not disposed of it completely. The government characterizes a base measure of pay vital for the essential support of a group of four. This sum may vary contingent upon the typical cost for basic items and the area of the family. In 1998, a group of four with a yearly salary beneath $16,530 was named living in neediness. The level of individuals living beneath the neediness level dropped from 22.4 percent in 1959 to 11.4 percent in 1978. Be that as it may, from that point forward, it has varied in a genuinely thin range. In 1998, it remained at 12.7 percent. Additionally, the general figures cover considerably more extreme pockets of neediness. In 1998, more than one-fourth of every African-American (26.1 percent) lived in neediness; however distressingly high, that figure represented an improvement from 1979, when 31 percent of blacks were formally delegated poor, and it was the most minimal destitution rate for this gathering since 1959. Families headed by single parents are especially defenseless to destitution. Halfway because of this marvel, very nearly one out of five youngsters (18.9 percent) was poor in 1997. The neediness rate was 36.7 percent among African-American youngsters and 34.4 percent of Hispanic kids. A few examiners have proposed that the official neediness figures exaggerate the genuine degree of destitution since they measure just money pay and prohibit certain administration help projects, for example, Food Stamps, social insurance, and open lodging. Others call attention to, be that as it may, that these projects seldom spread the entirety of a familys food or medicinal services needs and that there is a deficiency of open lodging. Some contend that even families whose livelihoods are over the official destitution level once in a while go hungry, holding back on food to pay for such things as lodging, clinical consideration, and attire. All things considered, others call attention to that individuals at the destitution level at times get money pay from easygoing work and in the underground division of the economy, which is never recorded in legitimate measurements. Regardless, plainly the American monetary framework doesn't distribute its prizes similarly. In 1997, the wealthiest one-fifth of American families represented 47.2 percent of the countries salary, as indicated by the Economic Policy Institute, a Washington-based examination association. Interestingly, the least fortunate one-fifth earned simply 4.2 percent of the countries pay, and the most unfortunate 40 percent represented just 14 percent of pay. In spite of the for the most part prosperous American economy all in all, worries about imbalance kept during the 1980s and 1990s. Expanding worldwide rivalry undermined laborers in numerous conventional assembling ventures, and their wages deteriorated. Simultaneously, the central government edged away from charge arrangements that tried to support lower-salary families to the detriment of wealthier ones, and it additionally cut spending on various household social projects planned to help the impeded. Then, wealthier families harvested a large portion of the additions from the blasting securities exchange. In the late 1990s, there were a few signs these examples were turning around, as pay increases quickened particularly among more unfortunate laborers. Be that as it may, toward the decade's end, it was still too soon to decide if this pattern would proceed. - Next Article: The Growth of Government in the United States This article is adjusted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adjusted with consent from the U.S. Division of State.

Discuss The Role of Curley’s Wife In The Novel Of Mice And Men Essay

In this novel, Curley’s Wife’s principle capacity or reason for existing is her portrayal of one kind of female in that season of American history. She is by all accounts the kind of individual who is very much determined in her activities. She jumps at the chance to make herself alluring by utilizing make-up, when she wears shoes with red â€Å"Ostrich Feathers† she doesn’t need to wear them on a residue farm, however she does. She fantasies about being a film or â€Å"Talkie† star, she reveals to Lennie this, in an uncommon demonstration of certainty. She isn't a generalization however I feel that her character is very unsurprising. In the video adjustment she is by all accounts amicable due to her appearance and the manner by which she says words. At the point when she doesn’t need to be seen, her physical nearness is less taken note. She is portrayed as â€Å"brittle† this could imply that she is delicate. The word delicate is normally connected with little and effectively broken things. The word â€Å"brittle† could likewise be depicting her physical perspective. She could appear to be solid yet truly could fall or separate when even somewhat contacted, or for her situation, on the off chance that she is dismissed or offended. In any case, when she talks she has a predominant charm, which requests consideration. For instance, at whatever point she strolls into a room, the men consistently quit conversing with tune in to what she needs to state. This could be from dread of discipline on the off chance that they don't concur with her or irritate her. It could likewise be a direct result of the notoriety for being â€Å"Jailbait† which she has, or how she has â€Å"the eye†. In light of these two capacities, she can sneak around, attempting to catch anything implicating which she could use to extort somebody. A case of this is the point at which she sneaks into the steady when Lennie, Candy and Crooks are there, and she tunes in to them. All through the entire novel she doesn't have name of her own, which she is called by. She is just alluded to as Curley’s Wife. This could propose that she is the property of Curley. Or then again it could likewise back up the way that she resembles an apparition, in light of the fact that a phantom has no genuine personality. She could act mean, or naughtily in light of the fact that she needs to make herself saw more. She tells Lennie â€Å"I get terrible lonely†. This proposes she needs somebody to converse with her, or whom she can converse with. She is just portrayed by individuals, with sentences like â€Å"She got the eye† and â€Å"a Tart†. In the wake of perusing the piece of the novel when she is in the outbuilding with Lennie, the peruser is acted out to identify with Curley’s Wife. This could cause the peruser to feel sorry for her, yet then there would be a contention of feelings when you understand that She has destroyed Candy’s dreams just as passed a capital punishment on Lennie. The entirety of this could dominate the way that Curley’s Wife has simply passed on. In any case, when you her admission to Lennie, you find this is her solitary response as she continued looking for consideration. She attempts to make herself look alluring to get more consideration, yet she is known as a â€Å"Tart†. The way that she resembles a misfortune sign could uphold her picture as â€Å"Jail-bait†. She resembles a curse for any individual who she attempts to turn out to be near. She says that she could get law breakers hung and she caused Curley and thin to battle. She likewise in a roundabout way caused Lennie’s passing. Not purposefully, yet she does. This could be a method of causing the peruser to feel for her case, since Candy resents her for biting the dust, and he doesn’t bring to believe that she is to an abrupt halt. Curley’s Wife is the main lady who is referenced on the farm, so the men could think about her as lovely or engaging on the grounds that they don't come into contact with some other ladies. This could support or reinforce her mentality. She believed that she could be a celebrity could even now feel that. This could be another factor that empowers her self-prevalence complex. In any case, she realizes that. Since, she has no name she could be claimed by Curley, this could clarify her activities. It could be her method of communicating her annoyance. She is furious in light of the fact that, when she marked her marriage authentication, She didn’t lose her independence, yet something more terrible, her character.

The diabetic diet free essay sample

t.Essentuki THE DIABETIC DIET. Conceptual on English by Kuranov Alina Olegovna # 8211 ; an understudy of Essentuki clinical school bunch # 8470 ; 261. 2002 # 1075 ; . Diabetess. Diabetess Mellitus ( when the term diabetes is utilized completely, it ever alludes to diabetes mellitus ) is a status wherein the natural structure can't use sugar fairly. Sugar ( saccharide ) is the substance our natural structure utilizes as its significant start of vitality. When this sugar is invested in the blood, it is alluded to as glucose or blood glucose. Insulin ( an endocrine made in the pancreas that controls the glucose ) is either losing or insufficient. As a result, the natural structure can non use vitality nourishments ( saccharides, fat, protein ) viably and the cells of the natural structure starve . The sugar in the blood may lift to high degrees on the other hand of being utilized for vitality. Glucose is discharged through piss, which makes overabundance work for the kidneys doing incessant micturition and unnecessary thirst. We will compose a custom exposition test on The diabetic eating regimen or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Treatment Diet, practicing and medication are of import factors that must be composed for diabetes to be kept in charge. Drug is non used to deal with all occurrences of diabetes. Medication when utilized can either be in the signifier of a pill ( unwritten hypoglycaemic operators ) or insulin, which must be infused. Diet, practicing and medication all influence mediation however except if the eating routine program is followed cautiously no technique for intercession will be efficacious. By eating the correct supplements in the correct wholes diet can truly help order the fundamental occupation of diabetes. Orchestrating to Control Your Diabetes Education Program forever, an arrangement supported by the National Diabetes Education Program, individuals who assume responsibility for diabetes will, in the short count, experience better, have more vitality, and forestall the undermentioned imprints and indications of high glucose: thirst, exhaustion, visit micturition, weight reduction, obscured vision, and moderate recuperating of cuts and wounds. In the long count, they decline their chances of creating oculus illness, kidney sickness, and nervus mischief, and add mature ages to their lives. THE DIABETIC DIET. Reason: The diabetic eating regimen is intended to achieve and keep alluring natural structure weight and close to ordinary blood glucose degrees, chop down hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, and related side effects of diabetes so as to limit the difficulties frequently connected with this ailment. Use: It is utilized for the person with either insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus or non-insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus. The calorie-controlled eating routine might be adjusted for weight lessening and weight care. The Calorie degree recommended for the diabetic depends on whether the individual needs to lose or infer weight or just keep the current weight. The calorie degree indicated is resolved from the stature, natural structure constitution, perfect weight and physical movement degree. General Guidelines for the Diabetic Diet. 1. Stay away from concentrated beginnings of saccharides ( sugars ), for example, table sugar, nectar, jam, jam, molasses, sirup, maize sirup, confect, normal soda pops, pies, rings, treats, cakes, standard rumination gum, and sweet pickles. 2. Stay away from improved natural products, squeezes and organic product drinks. Pick organic product, which is new, solidified or stuffed in H2O or its ain juice. Maintain a strategic distance from natural products canned in substantial sirup. 3. Maintain a strategic distance from improved carbonated sodium carbonates, juices and H2O. 4. Learn supplements both high and low in sugar that are introduced in the No Concentrated Sweet Food List 5. Three repasts at normal occasions ought to be devoured every day. Make non hop repasts. 6. A healthfully equivalent repast program that restricts the whole of concentrated fat, cholesterin and salt in the eating regimen. Fat utilization ought to be 30 % or less of warm utilization and under 10 % of everyday caloric admission from soaked fat. Dietary cholesterin ought to be restricted to 300 milligram or less day by day. 2,400 milligram or less per twenty-four hours of Na is suggested. 7. Day by day ingestion of 20-35 g of dietetic fiber from a wide grouping of supplements is suggested. 8. Gentle to seat weight reduction ( 10-20 lbs. has been appeared to better diabetes control, regardless of whether alluring natural structure weight is non accomplished. ) 9. Peruse the mark to discover the sugar substance of bundled supplements. In add-on to saccharify, earthy colored sugar and maize sirup, different names that are utilized on fixing names include: sucrose, glucose, dextrose, fructose, maltose, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, nectar, maize sirup, maize sirup solids, high fructose maize sirup, molasses, maple sirup. 10. Checking of lipoids, blood power per unit zone and natural structure weight is significant. 11. Glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1C ) and everyday observing of blood glucose are standard devices to mensurate glucose control. # 183 ; For people with Type 1 diabetes, self-checking multiple times day by day or more is prescribed to keep close ordinary blood glucose degrees and expansion control. Testing multiple times a twenty-four hours, before every repast, and at sleep time, encourages lodging to insulin, repasts, and practicing plan. # 183 ; For people with Type 2 diabetes, self-observing 1-2 times every day or more is prescribed to maintain a strategic distance from hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia side effects. # 183 ; Newly analyzed people ought to demonstrate blood glucose multiple times a twenty-four hours, before every repast, and at sleep time, or more is prescribed to keep close ordinary blood glucose degrees and expansion control. Testing encourages housing to insulin, repasts, and practicing plan. # 183 ; After a steady structure has been built up in blood glucose degrees, people ought to demonstrate before breakfast, 3-7 times every hebdomad. On more than one occasion every month you should come back to demonstrating multiple times a twenty-four hours ( before every repast, and at sleep time ) to ensure care of a steady structure. No CONCENTRATED SWEETS, LOW FAT DIET. ( Low SUGAR-LOW FAT ) Reason: The no concentrated Sweets, low fat eating routine is intended to confine the whole total of fat and sugar in the eating routine to chop down serum lipoid degrees and to achieve and keep close to typical blood glucose degrees. This eating regimen is for individuals who discover the trade framework too much confounding or shortening to follow. Use: It is utilized for the person with either non-insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus or for individuals who need or need to eliminate their sugar and fa Ts consumption. The calorie-controlled eating routine might be adjusted for weight abatement and weight care for people that do non hold diabetes. It is other than utilized for people with raised serum cholesterin degrees or the individuals who are terrible campaigners for chest sickness. General Guidelines. # 183 ; Limit absolute fat utilization to under 30 % of whole everyday Calories. # 183 ; Reduce soaked fat utilization ( bronzed meat, cheddar, entire milk, spread, ice pick, and so forth ) # 183 ; Eat less transfat ( stick oleo, shortening, bars, pies, Gallic french friess, nibble french friess. ) # 183 ; Eat less cholesterin ( bound egg yolks to more than 4 for each hebdomad and meat, fish, household fowl to close to 6 ounces a twenty-four hours ) # 183 ; Reduce sugar utilization. # 183 ; Eat more organic products, veggies, beans, entire grain staff of lifes, and oats. # 183 ; Maintain a sound weight. # 183 ; Exercise in any event 30 proceedingss on most yearss ( ready strolling, oxygen consuming activities, biking, and so forth ) # 183 ; Experiment with equations by a tiny bit at a time cut bringing down the whole of sugar by 1/fourth so l/third so 1/2. # 183 ; Use the sweet flavors # 8212 ; cinnamon cloves ginger or Myristica fragrans # 8212 ; to pass on out sweetness in adust products. # 183 ; Be cautious while using specific eating regimen or dietary supplements, for example, dietary bar, treats, confect and ice pick. These supplements contain some signifier of improving and, henceforth, Calories. No CONCENTRATED SWEET FOOD LIST. Reason: The no concentrated Sweets diet is intended to achieve and keep close to ordinary blood glucose degrees, and chop down related side effects of diabetes so as to limit the complexities regularly connected with this illness. This eating regimen is for individuals who discover the trade framework too much befuddling or reducing to follow. Use: It is utilized for the person with either non-insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus or for individuals who need or need to eliminate their sugar utilization. It is non proposed for the person with diabetes taking insulin. The calorie-controlled eating routine might be adjusted for weight decline and weight care. # 183 ; Eat three repasts at ordinary occasions. Do non hop repasts. # 183 ; Limit all out fat utilization to under 30 % of whole everyday Calories. # 183 ; Reduce immersed fat utilization ( rosy meat, cheddar, entire milk, margarine, ice pick, and so on ) # 183 ; Eat less transfat ( stick oleo, shortening, bars, pies, french friess, nibble french friess. ) # 183 ; Eat less cholesterin ( bound egg yolks to more than 4 for every hebdomad and meat, fish, household fowl to close to 6 ounces a twenty-four hours. ) # 183 ; Reduce salt utilization ( canned and dried soups, quick supplement, solidified meals, pizza, handled meats and cheddar. ) # 183 ; Eat more natural products, veggies, beans, entire grain staff of lifes, and oats. # 183 ; Maintain a sound weight. Gentle to seat weight reduction ( 10-20 pound. has been appeared to better diabetes control, regardless of whether alluring natural structure weight is non accomplished. ) # 183 ; Recommend 20-35 grams/day of dietetic fiber from a wide combination of supplements. # 183 ; Be cautious while using specific eating routine or dietary supplements, for example, dietary bar, treats, confect and ice pick. The

Application for Adult Nursing

Question : While applying for grown-up nursing, what would it be a good idea for them to remember for my UCAS reference? Answer : Individual Statement An engaged and clear objective arranged proficient who is totally committed to ensuring the clinical necessities, comfort, prosperity and can offer enthusiastic help to tolerant under his/her anxiety. I hold magnificent correspondence capacity and abilities that can help in building a decent relationship and holding with patients and with their companions or families. I likewise forces sublime observational characteristics and have information in various complex and authority grounds, for example, Cardiac Nursing, Midwifery and Pediatric Nursing. I am fit for taking care of patients and can offer extraordinary help to staffs. I need to get related with your association so I can build up my insight into nursing practices and assume a significant job in improving the soundness of the individuals. Following are the aptitude regions which makes me qualified for the position. Skill in nursing incorporates keeping up proficient and clinical improvement mindfulness in nursing grown-up care, Observing wellbeing rules and severe and great cleanliness, Right regulatory and detailing methods should be executed, Making patients prepared for any medical procedure by administering sedatives, medications or infusions, Supervising and managing the understudy attendants and helping laborers in giving consideration, Maintaining careful gear and disinfecting it and Observing any adjustments in the soundness of patient The individual aptitudes incorporates capacity of hold classification of information identifying with the staffs, tolerant or some other business related help, giving significant data and enthusiastic help to patients and family members, capacity to give dinners to grown-ups and inclining their waste, physical and intellectually quality. According to instructive capability I have finished under alumni course (2005) with first division marks gaining practical experience in quite a while to be specific science, material science, science and arithmetic. Further I have finished alumni level degree in Biology from the clinical establishment (2006-2008). At long last I have finished a Degree of Higher National endorsement in Applied Biology from Medical College (2009-2010). I accept that I have centered observational abilities and I am relevantly reasonable for the course of grown-up nursing since I have learned about different and complex fields like Pediatric nursing, Cardiac nursing and maternity care. I have filled in as a lesser medical attendant in the neighborhood wellbeing authority since 2011 to introduce where my significant obligations comprised of managing and assessing the conveyance of nursing care, taking of patients beat and helping the head nurture, assuming liability of the ward without the ranking staff and guaranteeing that viable consideration plans are being executed I believe that I am fit for the difficult activity of grown-up nursing care since I have the accompanying characteristics specifically capacity to spur others in time of pain exceptionally the group of the patients, great verbal and non verbal correspondence strategies to comprehend the necessities of the patients, to take care of moment crisis issue circumstances prudently, Ability to work in facilitated groups, Ability to convey steady work all through profession, Capable of being compassionate to the circumstances of the patients According to the side interests and interests I have enthusiasm for the issues like network administration getting occupied with painstaking work items making and furthermore tuning in to music and cooking on visit premise.

The Fantasy Worldbuilding Checklist Bring Your Literary Universe to Life

The Fantasy Worldbuilding Checklist Bring Your Literary Universe to Life Whether youre into the intricately complex high fantasy of The Lord of the Rings or you prefer just a dash of fantasy in your urban story setting, the possibilities and options of creating a stellar story that whisks your readers away to another time, realm, dimension, or universe are, truly, endless.However, there are rules. Meh, nix rules per se, although Im certain there are plenty of dedicated, well-read readers and writers of fantasy who would argue that there are, indeed, ironclad laws that accompany any good fantasy story. There are storytelling and worldbuilding elements your reader will expect, either based on their previous readings of fantasy or simply an unconscious expectation of the basic elements of storytelling, just with a fantasy spin.Here, Ill detail for you some of the top elements to consider when youre building your fantasy worldâ€"or realm, dominion, universe, planet, or ecosphereâ€"to life.DescriptionI know. The dreaded D word most writers fear, simply because it can be downright daunting and tiresome, but arguably the most important part of world-building, and thats why Im starting with it. A lot of writers struggle with description because theres a delicate balance that must be achieved, that perfect midway point between not nearly enough and entirely too much. Though most can agree that the aforementioned Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien is a fantasy genre cornerstone, it gets as much flak for its lengthy descriptions as it does recognition for its compelling characters and richness of Middle Earth.Perhaps your reader doesnt need to know the species of the trees that dot your plains, or how sewage systems run in your world. They may not need to know that the enormous tapestry hanging in the great hall of your realm was stitched together by ninety-nine tiny, needle-bearing fairiesâ€"then again, if its important to the storyline and to your main characters journey, maybe they do. Maybe that tapestry is an important key to your hero w inning the day, and the secrets they need are kept by those fairies.If (and only if) its important to the storyline, include detailed description. Photo by Marko Blaževic on UnsplashPaint vivid pictures about the world your hero touches because its a world your reader has never visited before. But dont bog down the story and your readers imagination backpack with items they dont need and will only weigh them down on the climb up the mountainside of your story to the climax. Ever read a book that spends a great deal of time on a certain character, place, or item, and then you never read about it again? That would be considered too much unnecessary detail, and chances are, it confused or maybe even frustrated you. Both thingsâ€"confusion and frustrationâ€"are things you want to avoid making your reader feel at all costs. But if you describe a certain character, place, or item and it reappears to play a pivotal part in your heros journey, well done!CharactersVying for the number-one t he most important component of your story are the characters in it. Whos your hero? From where do they hail? Are they rich or poor? Commoner or noble? Do they have powers and/or magic? If so, how does that affect them? What do they look like and how do they dress?Just as important is the supporting cast. Who are your heros friends? Are they human? What other races of creatures and beings live in this world?Whos the villain? Is it an invading force from another realm? Another dimension? An evil, spiritual force? Dont make your villain just a cliché mustache-twirler. Give your villain some depth. Consider what your villain is fighting for as well, and why. Give them as much agency to do their Big Baddie thing as youre giving your hero to save the kingdom, the world, or even just the day.MagicSpeaking of magic, this is a huge aspect of fantasy. Its what sets fantasyâ€"low, high, urbanâ€"apart from other genres of fiction. Magic is, well, magical, but it comes in many different forms. Elemental magic, black magic, white magic. Consider what this might look like in your world.You should always consider what magic might look like in your world. Photo by Rhii Photography on UnsplashConsider also the rules of this magic. Every type of magic has a cost. Perhaps thats a physical deficit to your hero or a mental one. Perhaps every time they shoot a fireball from their hands, a tiny troll explodes. Balance applies to magic in a big way, and it makes the story more interesting. If your hero can lift waggle their finger and decimate their enemy in ten seconds without breaking a sweat, whats the point of the epic journey?Social statusAll societies have a social structure and class of some sortâ€"unless its total anarchy! Where does your world lie, specifically the one your hero is in? Is it a fair society where the classes are about equal, or is it a kingdom, with nobility and royalty? Consider where your hero would best be placed inside the frame of their journey. Class do es matter here, as it will directly influence your heros resources.LawsConsider the laws that govern your story. Similar to magic having rules and a cost, the world your hero lives in should have both, as well. How is the hero being oppressed in their society, or what outside force is oppressing the society they must save? If the oppression is occurring within the society, what are the laws that are holding the hero down or back? How does it affect everyday life?GeographyWhere does your hero live? Where does the story take place? Whats the climate like there? It could be as small as a palace, or as big as an entire world. However, keep in mind that if the story is set in one kingdom inside a large world, and only that one kingdom, describing the rest of the world doesnt really serve the story if it doesnt influence the heros journey. Remember that metaphor from earlier about not weighing down your readers imagination backpack during their trek up the mountainside of your story? Sure , it might be interesting for the reader to know that theres a land of ice to the north, a desert to the south, and water on both sides, but unless those are places your character will visit as part of their journey, its probably okay not to spend more than a few sentences at most mentioning them.If your character will be visiting specific geography, its okay to explain that geography in detail. Photo by Sebastian Herrmann on UnsplashThe opposite is true, as well. If your character is going to embark on an epic journey across the entire land to accomplish their goal, describe each place in rich detail as long as it keeps the plot moving forward. How does the world youve created differ depending on where you are? Is the whole world hot and sandy, or are there varying climates? Let your reader smell the smells, see the sights, feel the tactile elements.WeaponryWhats an epic fantasy story without some epic battles? Might still be a good story, but it could be a great story if you add s ome of those where they work and where they propel the narrative forward. How are battles fought? With magic, weapons, or both? What do those weapons look like? History is a great way to design your weapons. You can take directly from history, or you can use weapons like swords, maces, clubs, battering rams, to expand upon and tweak until youve created something totally unique.ReligionIt is entirely possible that your hero may live in an atheistic society, but most societies have a higher power they believe in. Is your society monotheistic or polytheistic? What kinds of gods or god does the religion have? Is it more spiritual, or are there rituals that need to be observed? What are church services like?Most importantly, how does or doesnt religion influence your hero? Do they struggle with fighting battles because killing is against their beliefs, or do they revel in it, knowing their god has promised glory of some sort? Maybe your story is about your hero finding their relationship with a god or gods. While you dont need to try to model descriptions of your storys religion on the book of Genesis, its probably a good idea to decide up front how much or how little youd like it to influence your world, and go from there.HistoryHistory influences how a society, kingdom, or world perseveres or fails. History precedes the start of every story unless youre writing about the creation of a certain world. But most fantasy stories take place in lands that have long been established. So what happened before the story opens? This, like every other aspect of world-building, needs to be handled with care and balance. Consider your heros journey, and their ultimate goal (which they may not be aware of at the very start of the story). Consider their starting place. How has or how could history influence this journey? How does it affect other aspects of the story? You should avoid a long, drawn-out history lesson at all costs, but pepper in aspects and nuggets of history where they fit and where theyre appropriate.

Anti-War Sentiments in Trojan Women - Literature Essay Samples

Anti-War Sentiments in Trojan Women In the year 415 B.C.E., the Greeks had been fighting a long and bloody war with Sparta for over a decade. It was in this year that Euripides, a well-known playwright, wrote Trojan Women, a tragedy about the women of Troy directly following the fall of Troy. It is commonly thought that he wrote this play in response to the massacre at the island of Melos that had occurred just a year prior to the play’s publication. The Athenian army had sailed to Melos, demanded their surrender, and when they refused, laid siege to the city. A few months later, the Athenian army took the city, slaughtered the men, and sold the women and children into slavery. This was not an isolated incident in any way. This occurred often both on the side of Sparta and Athens. Many people were sick of it, Euripides included. He then wrote Trojan Woman, probably in response, which follows Hecuba, the Queen of Troy; Cassandra, a prophet whom no one believes; Andromache, Hecuba’s daughter-in-law; and Hel en, the woman whom the Trojan War is over. While there is no plot in the traditional sense, the story follows the women’s downward arc into further despair as worse and worse events keep happening. Euripides was clearly displaying an anti-war attitude in this play. Perhaps the most obvious way in which the play is anti-war is the way that the women’s grief and mourning in portrayed. They are all mourning because they have all lost their families, their homes, and their hopes for the future. Hecuba lost her husband and her children. Cassandra lost her father and her siblings. Andromache lost her husband, and by the end of the play, she has lost her son as well. Helen lost her husband. Hecuba in particular spend a lot of time in this play mourning what she has lost. As she says at the beginning of the play, â€Å"What is there that I do not mourn in my misery? / Country, children, husband-all are gone† (41). In this, she touches on what all Trojan women are feeling at that time: grief. They have lost everything. Their city is in ruins and will be burnt to the ground at the end of the play. Their friends and families have been buried. They see no real future for themselves. They will all be sold as slaves to the Greek victors, and th ey are afraid. The first half-chorus says to Hecuba, â€Å"Fear darts through the hearts of the Trojan women, / who bewail their slavery / inside these dwellings† (42). These women are scared of being sold. This fear manifest in them doing things outside the status-quo. They sing mourning hymns in the public square. They beat their chests in grief. These were not publicly accepted mourning behaviors. Euripides was cleverly showing that war brought grief and grief brought unwelcome changes. Not only do the women experience constant grief, they also have their hope being whittled away scene by scene. At the start of the play, they are trying to find the bright side of slavery. The chorus sings: I have heard it said that the holy land of Peneus,the lovely plain at Olympus’ base,abounds in wealthand generous fertility.To go there is my second choiceafter the sacred and holy land of Theseus (44). In this passage, the women are coming up with a Greek island that they wouldn’t mind being allotted to. They are thinking that if they’re going to be slaves, they want to be slaves on a pretty island. This is a pretty hopeful outlook for them. As the play goes on, they lose that hopefulness. They are split up and some get allotted to men that they find awful. When Hecuba finds out that she has been allotted to Odysseus, she sings, â€Å"An evil fate has destroyed me. All is over for me, / a wretched woman who has met / with the most unhappy allocation of all† (47). She hates who she has been assigned to. This level of hope just continues to sink. Hecuba finds out that her daughter Cassandra will be forced to marry King Agamemnon and her youngest daughter Polyxena has been killed to appease Achilles’ ghost. When she finally gets a chance to be hopeful about the future, those hopes are almost immediately dashed. The young Astyanax who could have one day retu rned to Troy to rebuild was ordered to be thrown â€Å"from the towers of Troy† (Talthybius 59). There was no future for him or for any of them. While there was an obvious feeling of anti-war in the way the women were treated, Euripides wrote a much more subtle anti-war sentiment into the fate of the Greeks. He wrote them as victorious but unaware of what their future held. They would not remain victorious for long. As Cassandra prophesizes to her mother and the women of Troy, she will â€Å"lay waste to [Agamemnon’s] house,† and Odysseus will â€Å"live through ten years on top of the ten here† and â€Å"go to Hades while he is still alive† (48-50). Agamemnon will die and Odysseus will wish he had. These are not the prophecies of winners. In fact, the future looks bleak for the whole Greek army. At the start of the play, Athena joins Poseidon in Troy to discuss the revenge that she wishes to inflict on the Greeks. â€Å"I want to give the Achaean army a bitter journey home And you for your part must make the Aegean sea roar with huge waves and whirlpools and fill the hollow bay of Euobea with cor pses† (40). Athena clearly wants the Greek army to suffer. From mythology, we know that she succeeds in her endeavor. This is anti-war in that it paints both sides of the conflict as losers. The Greeks may have destroyed Troy, but they themselves are killed by the gods. In this sense, the war seems pointless. This was probably what Euripides was trying to get at. It didn’t matter who won the conflict; thousands upon thousands of people died on both sides. It could be argued that the Greeks go home losers not because of war itself but because of the gods. During that time period, the gods were everything. The people believed that the gods controlled everything as they pleased. They were called upon whenever things didn’t go right or whenever someone wanted guidance or luck. Hecuba herself calls upon them after Cassandra makes her speech. â€Å"O you gods! I know that I am invoking fickle allies, but even so it makes some sense to call upon the gods whenever one of us meets with misfortune† (51). She calls them â€Å"fickle† which is in line with the beginning of the play where Athena changes from the side of the Greeks to the side of the Romans. She also believes that they can help. In this play, the gods have no intention of helping. Athena only wants revenge because she was â€Å"outrageously insulted† (40). Ajax raped Cassandra on the altar of Athena’s temple, and he was not punished by the Greek a rmy at all. The fault then lies with the Ajax and the army. If he had not raped Cassandra or if he had been punished, they could have gone back to Greece victorious. Instead, they had a bitter journey home and lost many men along the way. While the gods may have caused this, they were not totally at fault. The army had a share of the blame. Their actions, or inactions, had serious consequences. The Greeks suffered greatly while fighting the city of Troy and those who fell were buried without their rites or families. This was a really big deal at the time. If a person was buried improperly, it was thought that they could never achieve peace in the underworld. Cassandra reminded her mother that the Greeks lost much during the war by saying, â€Å"[The Greeks] were not shrouded in robes by their wives’ hands but they lie in a foreign land And there is no one who can let fall an offering of blood upon the earth at their graves† (49). This would most likely have been an emotional topic for the audience. The idea that someone could die in a foreign land, not be buried properly, and wander forever would not just have been horrifying in abstract thought, it was their reality. They were at war when this play was first performed and it would have reminded the audience that some of their family members were being probably buried this way. Euripides would have known this and kept it in mind while writing. He was reminding them of an unpleasant aspect of war that they could not forget. The other side of the coin on the issue of burials is that the defending side was buried honorably and provided a way to gain recognition. Cassandra points this out in her speech. â€Å"As for the Trojans, first of all-and this is the noblest fame-they died for their fatherland, and the corpses of any whom the spear took were carried to their homes by their friends. The earth of their native land embraced them and they were shrouded by the hands of their families as was proper. And all the Phrygians who did not die in battle lived with their wives and their children day after day.† (49). In this passage, Cassandra states the ways that the Trojans were better off than the Greeks, getting to see their families every day and being buried by their friends and families. They also had the chance to die for their fatherland. She expands on this point further with the following quote, â€Å"And listen to the truth about Hector, whose story seems so tragic to you. He has departed this life with the reputation of the noblest of men, and it was the coming of the Achaeans that caused this. If they had stayed at home, who would have known of his courage?† (49). Here she paints the coming of the Greeks in a positive light. At least then, people knew of Hector’s courage. This is true not only of Hector but of many other soldiers as well. The war offered them the chance to become something great and show off their true colors. This is a positive aspect of war. Cassandra counters this argument herself, though, just a few lines later. â€Å"[A]nyone who is sane should avoid war† (49). Here she is saying that although there are positives that can be found in war, it would be insane to think that one should seek war out just for these positives. War is a terrible thing and she is simply trying to see the bright side of it. That doesn’t make war itself a bright thing. In addition to that, these arguments would not have appealed to the Greeks of Eu ripides’ time. They were not the defenders in the war they were fighting and so they did not have the benefits that the Trojans’ did. Their men were not home every night. They most likely could not bury them all themselves. As it wasn’t relevant to them, the Greeks probably did not even register this as a pro-war idea in the play. Euripides wrote the tragic story of the women left alive at the fall of Troy. He wrote of their attempts at hope and their downfalls. He brought them down time and time again from the news of Polyxena’s murder to Cassandra’s impending marriage with Agamemnon to Astyanax’s death sentence. This is the story of not just the women of Troy but of all women who left alive in the aftermath of war. His play leaves no doubt in my mind what the message that he was trying to convey was, and he seems to have said it best through one of his own characters as no writer can write without leaving some parts of himself in the story. â€Å"Yes, anyone who is sane should avoid war† (Cassandra, 49).